{
  "id": "pland-luhk-2025",
  "title": "Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2025",
  "publisher": "Planning Department, Hong Kong SAR Government",
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "referenceYear": 2025,
  "surveyCutoff": "end of 2025",
  "retrieved": "2026-10-14",
  "sources": {
    "dataset": "https://data.gov.hk/en-data/dataset/hk-pland-pland1-land-utilization-in-hong-kong-statistics",
    "englishResource": "https://data.gov.hk/en-data/dataset/hk-pland-pland1-land-utilization-in-hong-kong-statistics/resource/0b038a55-ff6d-4c17-96d5-0da522038c3a",
    "traditionalChineseResource": "https://data.gov.hk/en-data/dataset/hk-pland-pland1-land-utilization-in-hong-kong-statistics/resource/034cde5f-2780-48f9-89df-7a019819557c",
    "terms": "https://data.gov.hk/en/terms-and-conditions"
  },
  "rawFiles": [
    {
      "url": "https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/resources/statistic/landu/csv/LUHK2025_English.csv",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-14T18:13:55.356590+00:00",
      "path": "data/city/raw-landuse/LUHK2025_English.csv",
      "status": 200,
      "sha256": "36e427b422551c9f5c192eeeafb60519eeddb8cd5b7fc88de3cd8449c3fe3421",
      "bytes": 1717
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/resources/statistic/landu/csv/LUHK2025_TC.csv",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-14T18:13:57.792Z",
      "path": "data/city/raw-landuse/LUHK2025_TC.csv",
      "status": 200,
      "sha256": "63ca74da7d9cc198db1e1ca806e675173376925351a61b63e2a03f765145d35a",
      "bytes": 1372
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/resources/statistic/landu/csv/LUHK2025_English_description.csv",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-14T18:13:57.801Z",
      "path": "data/city/raw-landuse/LUHK2025_English_description.csv",
      "status": 200,
      "sha256": "94bbc8ab038fda953ce1448ebfb9c7b147aa086a56bc5fd00f7730365c5b3f5f",
      "bytes": 657
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    {
      "classEn": "Residential",
      "classZhHant": "住宅",
      "categoryEn": "Private Residential",
      "categoryZhHant": "私人住宅",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 28,
      "publishedPercent": 2.5,
      "remarksEn": "Including residential area developed by private developers(excluding rural settlements, subsidised housing and transitional housing)",
      "remarksZhHant": "包括私人發展商發展的住宅用地(鄉郊居所、資助房屋和過渡性房屋除外)"
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Residential",
      "classZhHant": "住宅",
      "categoryEn": "Public Residential",
      "categoryZhHant": "公營房屋",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 18,
      "publishedPercent": 1.6,
      "remarksEn": "Including subsidised housing and transitional housing",
      "remarksZhHant": "包括資助房屋和過渡性房屋"
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Residential",
      "classZhHant": "住宅",
      "categoryEn": "Rural Settlement",
      "categoryZhHant": "鄉郊居所",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 35,
      "publishedPercent": 3.1,
      "remarksEn": "Including village houses and temporary structures",
      "remarksZhHant": "包括村屋和臨時搭建物"
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Commercial",
      "classZhHant": "商業",
      "categoryEn": "Commercial/Business and Office",
      "categoryZhHant": "商業／商貿和辦公室",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 5,
      "publishedPercent": 0.5,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Industrial",
      "classZhHant": "工業",
      "categoryEn": "Industrial Land",
      "categoryZhHant": "工業用地",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 6,
      "publishedPercent": 0.5,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Industrial",
      "classZhHant": "工業",
      "categoryEn": "Industrial Estates/Science and Technology Parks",
      "categoryZhHant": "工業邨／科技園",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 3,
      "publishedPercent": 0.3,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Industrial",
      "classZhHant": "工業",
      "categoryEn": "Warehouse and Open Storage",
      "categoryZhHant": "貨倉和露天貯物",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 17,
      "publishedPercent": 1.5,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Institutional/Open Space",
      "classZhHant": "機構／休憩",
      "categoryEn": "Government/Institutional and Community Facilities",
      "categoryZhHant": "政府、機構和社區設施",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 27,
      "publishedPercent": 2.4,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Institutional/Open Space",
      "classZhHant": "機構／休憩",
      "categoryEn": "Open Space and Recreation",
      "categoryZhHant": "休憩和康樂",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 29,
      "publishedPercent": 2.6,
      "remarksEn": "Including parks，stadiums，playgrounds and recreational facilities",
      "remarksZhHant": "包括公園、運動場、遊樂場和康樂設施"
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Transportation",
      "classZhHant": "運輸",
      "categoryEn": "Roads and Transport Facilities",
      "categoryZhHant": "道路和運輸設施",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 47,
      "publishedPercent": 4.2,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Transportation",
      "classZhHant": "運輸",
      "categoryEn": "Railways",
      "categoryZhHant": "鐵路",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 4,
      "publishedPercent": 0.4,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Transportation",
      "classZhHant": "運輸",
      "categoryEn": "Airport",
      "categoryZhHant": "機場",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 17,
      "publishedPercent": 1.5,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Transportation",
      "classZhHant": "運輸",
      "categoryEn": "Port Facilities",
      "categoryZhHant": "港口設施",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 4,
      "publishedPercent": 0.4,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Other Urban or Built-up Land",
      "classZhHant": "其他都市或已建設土地",
      "categoryEn": "Cemeteries/Funeral Facilities",
      "categoryZhHant": "墳場/殯殮設施",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 9,
      "publishedPercent": 0.8,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Other Urban or Built-up Land",
      "classZhHant": "其他都市或已建設土地",
      "categoryEn": "Utilities",
      "categoryZhHant": "公用事業設施",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 9,
      "publishedPercent": 0.8,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Other Urban or Built-up Land",
      "classZhHant": "其他都市或已建設土地",
      "categoryEn": "Vacant land/Construction in Progress",
      "categoryZhHant": "空置／正在進行建築工程的土地",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 19,
      "publishedPercent": 1.7,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Other Urban or Built-up Land",
      "classZhHant": "其他都市或已建設土地",
      "categoryEn": "Others",
      "categoryZhHant": "其他",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 12,
      "publishedPercent": 1.1,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Agriculture",
      "classZhHant": "農業",
      "categoryEn": "Agricultural land",
      "categoryZhHant": "農地",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 47,
      "publishedPercent": 4.2,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Agriculture",
      "classZhHant": "農業",
      "categoryEn": "Fish Ponds/Gei Wais",
      "categoryZhHant": "魚塘／基圍",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 16,
      "publishedPercent": 1.4,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Woodland/Shrubland/Grassland/Wetland",
      "classZhHant": "林地／灌叢／草地／濕地",
      "categoryEn": "Woodland",
      "categoryZhHant": "林地",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 333,
      "publishedPercent": 29.8,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Woodland/Shrubland/Grassland/Wetland",
      "classZhHant": "林地／灌叢／草地／濕地",
      "categoryEn": "Shrubland",
      "categoryZhHant": "灌叢",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 184,
      "publishedPercent": 16.4,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Woodland/Shrubland/Grassland/Wetland",
      "classZhHant": "林地／灌叢／草地／濕地",
      "categoryEn": "Grassland",
      "categoryZhHant": "草地",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 206,
      "publishedPercent": 18.3,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Woodland/Shrubland/Grassland/Wetland",
      "classZhHant": "林地／灌叢／草地／濕地",
      "categoryEn": "Mangrove/Swamp",
      "categoryZhHant": "紅樹林／沼澤",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 6,
      "publishedPercent": 0.6,
      "remarksEn": "Including about 4 sq. km of Mangrove and Swamp below the High Water Mark",
      "remarksZhHant": "包括高水位線下約四平方公里的紅樹林和沼澤"
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Barren Land",
      "classZhHant": "荒地",
      "categoryEn": "Badland",
      "categoryZhHant": "劣地",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 3,
      "publishedPercent": 0.3,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Barren Land",
      "classZhHant": "荒地",
      "categoryEn": "Rocky Shore",
      "categoryZhHant": "岩岸",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 4,
      "publishedPercent": 0.4,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Water Bodies",
      "classZhHant": "水體",
      "categoryEn": "Reservoirs",
      "categoryZhHant": "水塘",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 25,
      "publishedPercent": 2.2,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Water Bodies",
      "classZhHant": "水體",
      "categoryEn": "Streams and nullahs",
      "categoryZhHant": "河道和明渠",
      "approximateAreaKm2": 6,
      "publishedPercent": 0.5,
      "remarksEn": "",
      "remarksZhHant": ""
    }
  ],
  "classes": [
    {
      "classEn": "Residential",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 81,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 7.2
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Commercial",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 5,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 0.5
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Industrial",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 26,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 2.3
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Institutional/Open Space",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 56,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 5.0
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Transportation",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 72,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 6.5
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Other Urban or Built-up Land",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 49,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 4.4
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Agriculture",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 63,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 5.6
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Woodland/Shrubland/Grassland/Wetland",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 729,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 65.1
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Barren Land",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 7,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 0.7
    },
    {
      "classEn": "Water Bodies",
      "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 31,
      "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 2.7
    }
  ],
  "totals": {
    "categoryCount": 27,
    "classCount": 10,
    "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 1119,
    "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 100.0
  },
  "woodlandShrublandGrasslandWetland": {
    "includedCategories": [
      "Woodland",
      "Shrubland",
      "Grassland",
      "Mangrove/Swamp"
    ],
    "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 729,
    "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 65.1,
    "calculation": "29.8 + 16.4 + 18.3 + 0.6 = 65.1 percent; 333 + 184 + 206 + 6 = approximately729 km2",
    "interpretation": "Sum of published rounded category values; not a separate exact survey percentage. Prefer about65% in UI. This classification is not the country-park designation or a measure of public hiking access."
  },
  "nonBuiltAggregation": {
    "isDerivedGrouping": true,
    "includedClasses": [
      "Agriculture",
      "Woodland/Shrubland/Grassland/Wetland",
      "Barren Land",
      "Water Bodies"
    ],
    "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 830,
    "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 74.1,
    "interpretation": "Derived broad non-urban grouping includes agriculture/fish ponds, barren land and water bodies. Do not call all74.1% green space, woodland, wilderness or public land."
  },
  "urbanBuiltAggregation": {
    "isDerivedGrouping": true,
    "includedClasses": [
      "Residential",
      "Commercial",
      "Industrial",
      "Institutional/Open Space",
      "Transportation",
      "Other Urban or Built-up Land"
    ],
    "approximateAreaKm2Sum": 289,
    "publishedCategoryPercentSum": 25.9
  },
  "recommendedUI": {
    "en": "About 65% of Hong Kong is woodland, shrubland, grassland or wetland.",
    "zhHant": "香港約65%的土地屬林地、灌叢、草地或濕地。",
    "attributionEn": "Planning Department, Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2025. Published September2026.",
    "identityLineEn": "City energy. Wild Hong Kong.",
    "avoid": [
      "70% green",
      "74% nature",
      "65% country parks",
      "all green land is walkable"
    ]
  },
  "limitations": [
    "Broad land-use overview, not designed for detailed analysis or calculation. Area values are approximate and rounded to whole square kilometres; published percentages are rounded to one decimal place.",
    "Do not recompute a headline percentage from rounded area rows:729/1119 is approximately65.15%, while the supplied percentages sum65.1%. Both derive from rounded figures, not exact measurements.",
    "Mangrove/Swamp includes approximately4km2 below the High Water Mark. Do not equate category area sum with an independently published land-area denominator.",
    "Open Space and Recreation is a separate category including parks, stadiums, playgrounds and recreation facilities; it is not wholly vegetation and is excluded from the woodland/shrub/grass/wetland rollup.",
    "Definitions and methodology can change; figures are not necessarily comparable across years.",
    "Source-date discrepancy: DATA.GOV.HK resource descriptions say December2025 satellite imagery (AIRBUSDS2025), but the downloaded2025 English description file says January2026 imagery (AIRBUSDS2026). Retain2025 as the reference year; do not silently choose an imagery month."
  ],
  "rasterLayerLead": {
    "dataset": "https://data.gov.hk/en-data/dataset/hk-pland-pland1-land-utilization-in-hong-kong-raster-grid",
    "resource": "https://data.gov.hk/en-data/dataset/hk-pland-pland1-land-utilization-in-hong-kong-raster-grid/resource/a85e475c-81b2-4508-b9e0-f5b2efc9c9a5",
    "published": "2026-09-30",
    "portal": "https://portal.csdi.gov.hk/geoportal/?datasetId=pland_rcd_1754559265139_25057&lang=en",
    "status": "Official2025 raster resource identified; tile URL/resolution/CORS not verified. No large raster downloaded."
  },
  "licence": "DATA.GOV.HK terms permit free commercial/noncommercial reuse subject to attribution and their other conditions; acknowledge Planning Department, Government and DATA.GOV.HK. Not labelled CC0."
}